Electrical discharge irrigator apparatus and method

ABSTRACT

An electrical discharge irrigation device includes a power source to produce power of a first voltage, a circuit coupled to the power source to convert the power of the first voltage to power of a second voltage where the second voltage is higher than the first voltage, a trigger to activate the circuit, an igniter coupled to the circuit to produce a spike, an electrical charge storage component coupled to the igniter the electrical charge storage component becoming conductive and storing an electrical charge after receiving the spike, and an output tip. The output tip includes an electrode and insulating material as an outer layer.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.61/699,568, filed Sep. 11, 2012. The above application is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to an apparatus and method of utilizingacoustic waves created by an electrical discharge for irrigation anddisinfection.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

Foreign bodies, such as bacteria and microbes pose a risk to dentalhealth. These foreign bodies can invade canals and other hard to reachareas in dental structures and compromise dental health. It is theinfections that are caused by the persistence of these foreign bodiesthat pose one of the greatest risks to the endodontic health of apatient.

Treatments to eliminate canal contents, and therefore reduce the risk ofinfections, range from invasive treatments, such as extraction, to thefar less invasive, yet not always effective, irrigation. Irrigationinvolves the use of an anti-bacterial solution to flush the canals. Toirrigate the canals, the solution is oscillated for irrigation at areduced pressure. Studies have demonstrated that mechanical instrumentsalone cannot disinfect root canals. This is because large areas of canalwalls, including apical, ribbon-shaped, and oval canals, cannot becleaned mechanically, so microorganisms in these areas can survive.Irrigation solutions are generally required to eradicate thesemicroorganisms and various chemicals have been used for this purpose.

Ideally, an irrigant kills bacteria, dissolves necrotic tissue,lubricates the canal, removes the smear layer, and does not irritatehealthy tissue. Presently, solutions that include sodium hypochlorite(NaOCl) and ethylenemide tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) are favored bydentists. The NaOCl solution, usually at a concentration between 1%-3%is used to dissolve tissue and disinfect (remove bacteria), while EDTAremoves the smear layer. During an irrigation procedure, NaOCl is usedinitially to dissolve tissue and disinfect and EDTA is introduced at theend of the procedure to remove the smear layer. The EDTA application isfollowed by another flush of NaOCl or another inert solution.

Although certainly less invasive than extraction, irrigation has itsshortcomings. First, NaOCl, EDTA, and other solutions found effective inirrigation are caustic solutions, including bleaches, which when appliedcan badly irritate the mouth and surrounding structures. During anapplication, there is a risk that these solutions will perforate theapex of the canal, the end of the canal where the nerve meets the bone.If this happens, the results are so painful for a patient that thepatient will end up on significant pain management, i.e., prescriptionpain killers, for at least two days, but sometimes, as long as twomonths. Second, current irrigation techniques carry a failure rate of upto 5% because often, the procedure fails to remove all the nerve tissuethat is infected in the root canal system, so residual bacteria remains.Third, irrigation solutions are only effective at the time that they areapplied. After a patient is treated with NaOCl and/or EDTA, thesolutions are flushed out and there is no positive residual effect afterthe treatment is complete. Thus, any bacteria remaining in hard to reachcanals will remain indefinitely and can lead to infection.

A need exists for a method and apparatus for effectively irrigating evenhard to reach dental canals in a manner that produces residual benefitswithout causing damage and/or pain in the mouth and surroundingstructures.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

An object of the present invention is to kill foreign agents, includingtoxins, bacteria, and microbes, dissolve necrotic tissue, lubricate thecanal, and remove the smear layer without causing damage and/or pain inthe mouth and surrounding structures.

A further object of the present invention is to utilize a liquid inirrigation without the undesired side effects of bleach, or otherchemical agents, while still achieving the desired anti-bacterial andother oral health benefits.

A further object of the present invention is to provide a method andapparatus for irrigation that when utilized, provides a patient with aresidual antimicrobial effect after the irrigation procedure iscomplete.

A further object of the present invention is to provide cleaning,irrigation of the tooth canals for proper Root Canal Procedures perAmerican Dental Association (ADA) guidelines.

A further object of the present invention is to irrigate the periodontalpocket in procedures related to both periodontal disease andperi-implantitis.

An embodiment of the present invention is a hand held irrigation devicethat generates a spark discharge, creating acoustical shock waves and UVradiation that irrigate dental canals and other structures, includingkilling foreign agents, during an irrigation treatment, and alsointroduce one or more of the following: UV light, hydrated electrons, OHradicals, H₂O₂, ozone, nanoparticles, and/or positive ions, which act tocombat foreign agents even after use of the device has ceased.

An embodiment of the present invention comprises a housing, a lowvoltage power source, a means to convert the low voltage to a highcurrent voltage, including but not limited to a timing circuit, means toproduce a high voltage spike, including but not limited to a highvoltage igniter switch, and an air gap switch, to allow the energy todischarge completely through one or more electrodes embedded in and/orexternal to the tip of the embodiment. An embodiment of the presentinvention employs capacitors to store the energy before discharge. In anembodiment of the present invention that does not utilize a spark gap, atransformer at a high impedance state delivers a high voltage spike andcurrent to cause an acoustical shock wave.

The tip of an embodiment of the present method and apparatus utilizeselectrodes comprised of biologically inert materials, including but notlimited to, silver, copper, stainless steel, and/or iron, which have atoxicity to bacteria and act as anti-pathogens. The nanoparticlescreated by the electrodes combat the bacteria and foreign particles inthe canals.

An embodiment of the present apparatus and method utilizes a sparkdischarge from an electrode in an embodiment of the apparatus in orderto irrigate dental structures, i.e., kill foreign agents, includingtoxins, bacteria, viruses, and microbes, dissolve necrotic tissue,lubricate the canal, and remove the smear layer without causing damageand/or pain in the mouth and surrounding structures while providingresidual resistance to these foreign agents. The utilization of thespark discharge from the electrode in an embodiment of the presentapparatus creates “shock waves” in the irrigation fluid, which have ahigh gradient at their front, so the difference in pressure created inthe irrigation fluid damages bacterial membranes and often destroys orweakens them. Because these waves needn't hit bacterial targets directlyto be effective, the effects of the waves can penetrate canals anddental structures that are difficult to reach. The discharge columncreated utilizing an embodiment of the present method and apparatus is asource of ultra-violet (UV) radiation, which when absorbed by watermolecules in the irrigating fluid produces H₂O₂ ozone, and OH radicals,which destroy microbes and also some organic compounds. The sparkdischarge of an embodiment of the invention additionally disseminateshydrated electrons, nanoparticles, and positive ions (from metalelectrodes utilized in various embodiments) which continueanti-microbial and anti-bacterial action against foreign agents afterthe irrigation procedure has terminated.

In an embodiment of the present invention, results of utilizing a sparkdischarge from an electrode in an embodiment of the apparatus toeradicate pollutants, such as bacteria, can include but are not limitedto, mechanically destroying bacteria and microbial cells, chemically andpermanently changing the cells so they cease regular biochemicalactivity, irreversibly changing the genetic system of the cells.Cellular damage sustained by the pollutants includes, but is not limitedto, cracking the cell walls without releasing the contents of the cells,and dispersing the cell wall and contents of the cells, damage to theDNA structure of the cells.

An embodiment of the present method utilizes a non-abrasive irrigant,including but not limited to, saline solution and/or water. Irrigantsthat can be used include, but are not limited to glutaraldehyde, and/orany antibiotic and/or anti-microbial solution.

An embodiment of the present invention is utilized in conjunction withthe current NaOCl and EDTA protocol discussed in the Background section.

An embodiment of the present invention utilizes an ultrasonic tip thatdisrupts biofilm (bacteria colonies) by using ultrasonic energy toremove the biofilm, and disrupt the bacteria. In an embodiment of thisinvention, the ultrasonic pulse is provided in a target area at a rateof about 25-30 KHz per second to mechanically remove the biofilm, anddisrupt the bacteria. Tips utilized in this application comprise anexterior and/or interior water line system that delivers water to coolthe tips and to flush the periodontic pocket with water. The flushingaction cleanses the area of the bacteria that the mechanical action ofthe tip has disrupted in the biofilm and calculus from the toothstructure.

Embodiments of the present invention are utilized in ultrasonictreatments in Piezoelectric/Magnetostrictive scalars, and/or water piks.In these embodiments, a reservoir external to the hand piece and/or inthe hand piece includes electrodes that generate the spark discharge. Inan embodiment of the present invention, electrodes are embedded in thetip of the device. Water and/or fluid is treated by the electrodes andis dispensed into the mouth of a patient after it is shocked.

Embodiments of the present invention are utilized in the irrigation ofthe periodontal pocket in connection with treatments for periodontaldisease as well as peri-implantitis.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts an aspect of embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 depicts an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 depicts a workflow of an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 depicts an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 depicts an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5A depicts an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 depicts an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6A depicts an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 depicts an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8 depicts an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 9 depicts an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 10 depicts an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 11 depicts an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 12 depicts an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 13 depicts an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 14 depicts an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 15 depicts an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 16 depicts an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 17 depicts an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The apparatus and method of the present invention utilize an electricspark discharge to pulse a liquid to eradicate unwanted microbes fromthe liquid, such as bacteria. Embodiments of the present invention areused as irrigation systems in endodontic procedures as well as inperiodontal procedures, including treatments for periodontal disease andperi-implantitis. These dental irrigation systems include, but are notlimited to, an irrigation system for Piezoelectric/Magnetostrictivescalars, irrigation system for cleaning the teeth pockets and removingbiofilm, a water pick irrigation system for cleaning the teeth, anirrigation system for flushing the periodontal pocket, and/or anirrigation system for surgery for disinfecting wounds. While someembodiments of the present invention pulse liquid that is external tothe device directly, for example, in dental canals in endodontic uses,some embodiments of the present invention contain one or more internalreservoir(s) where the liquid and/or water used is pre-treated(pre-pulsed) before it is released into the treatment area, for example,in Piezoelectric/Magnetostrictive scalars and/or water piks.

An embodiment of the present invention utilized for endodonticprocedures comprises a tube with electrodes to deliver a spark whichcreates the desired acoustical waves, in many of these procedures, theembodiment utilized emit electrical pulses through a tip of anembodiment of the apparatus as spark discharges. The electrical pulsesagitate the liquid into which the tip is immersed and create acousticwaves, shock waves, and additional discharges that kill foreign agents,including toxins, bacteria, and microbes, dissolve necrotic tissue,lubricate the canal, and remove the smear layer while providinganti-bacterial and anti-microbial benefits both during and aftertreatment. Thus, an embodiment of the present invention can be utilizedto irradiate bacteria and other infectious agents while providingcleaning and irrigation of the tooth canals for proper Root CanalProcedures in accordance with ADA guidelines.

An embodiment of the apparatus is used as aPiezoelectric/Magnetostrictive scalar. As discussed later in greaterdetail, an embodiment of the present invention utilized for as aPiezoelectric/Magnetostrictive scalar utilizes an ultrasonic tip thatdisrupts biofilm (bacteria colonies) by using ultrasonic energy toremove the biofilm, and disrupt the bacteria. In an embodiment of thisinvention, the ultrasonic pulse is provided in a target area at a rateof about 25-30 KHz per second to mechanically remove the biofilm, anddisrupt the bacteria. Tips utilized in this application comprise anexterior and/or interior water line system that delivers water to coolthe tips and to flush the periodontic pocket with water. The flushingaction cleanses the area of the bacteria that the mechanical action ofthe tip has disrupted in and/or fractured off the tooth structure.

In an aspect of a Piezoelectric/Magnetostrictive embodiment, the waterand/or fluid that is pulsed is essentially pre-treated in one or more“holding chambers” internal to the apparatus before it passes into thewater lines feeding the tips. Then, as the tip is, used it is thistreated water that flushes the pockets and provides better pathogenkill, and long term protection in contrast to current methods of justusing water, or a mild chemical agent and water. This current treatmenthas an anti microbial effect, but only while it is actually flushing thepocket. Liquids utilized in this application include, but are notlimited to, a 2% glutaraldehyde solution. Pre-treating the water/liquidin internal reservoirs is also utilized in embodiments used to cleanperiodontic wound sites. This type of application is discussed ingreater details in FIG. 10.

Returning to endodontic uses, an embodiment of the present invention isa hand held irrigation device that generates a spark discharge, creatingacoustical shock waves in an irrigant and UV radiation that irrigatedental canals and other structures during an irrigation treatment, andalso introduce one or more of the following: hydrated electrons, OHradicals, H₂O₂, ozone, nanoparticles, and/or positive ions, which act tocombat foreign agents after use of the device has ceased. Furtherembodiments of the present invention are mounted or table top models, asopposed to hand held.

An embodiment of the hand-held version of the present apparatus, whichis utilized, for example, for endodontic treatments, is comprised of ahandle, which is used to grip and manipulate the apparatus, a body,where various electrical components are housed, and a tip, whichcontains one or more electrodes, which is inserted into liquid in themouth of a patient in order to irrigate a selected area using acousticwaves generated by one or more circuits in the apparatus. An embodimentof the tip of the apparatus is comprised of flexible material such thatit can be positioned deep within dental canals.

An embodiment of the apparatus contains a low voltage power source andthe internal circuitry of the apparatus, discussed later in greaterdetail, converts the initial low voltage power, to high voltage power,which pulses the liquid into which the tip is immersed. The tip of anembodiment of the present method and apparatus utilizes electrodescomprised of biologically inert materials, including but not limited to,silver, copper, stainless steel, and/or iron which have a toxicity tobacteria and act as an anti-pathogen. The nanoparticles created by theelectrodes combat the bacteria and other foreign particles in thecanals.

In an embodiment of the present invention, because the spark dischargeitself destroys foreign agents both during and after an irrigationtreatment, the irrigant utilized needn't possess antiseptic oranti-bacterial qualities on its own. For example, although NaOCl andEDTA can be used in conjunction with this method, saline and watersolutions are also effectively used with this method. In general, anyanti-bacterial and/or anti-microbial fluids utilized in irrigationprotocols are compatible with this apparatus and method In fact, theconductivity of the liquid assists in the transmission of the acousticpulse and additional particles that irradiate the foreign agents. Thus,because water is conductive, it works well with the present method andapparatus.

In the embodiments of FIGS. 1-2 and 4-5, the power source of theapparatus is located in the handle of the apparatus and the circuitry isin the body, however, one of skill in the art will recognize that thisarrangement can be altered as desired to manipulate or improve theergonomics of the apparatus. Further embodiments of the presentinvention may utilize a streaming power source.

The utilization of the spark discharge from one or more electrodes inthe tip of an embodiment of the present apparatus create(s) “shockwaves” in the irrigation fluid which have a high gradient at theirfront, so the difference in pressure created in the irrigation fluiddamages bacterial membranes and/or destroys them. The waves areeffective in a given radius and therefore penetrate canals and dentalstructures that are difficult to reach and thus effectively irrigatingthem.

The pulsed shock waves, referred to as pulsed electrical discharges andpulsed shock discharges, damage pollutants on a cellular level. Thepulses may mechanically destroy bacteria and microbial cells, chemicallyand permanently change the cells so they cease regular biochemicalactivity, and/or irreversibly change the genetic system of the cells.Cellular damage sustained by the pollutants includes, but is not limitedto, cracking the cell walls without releasing the contents of the cells,and dispersing the cell wall and contents of the cells, DNA disruption.

The embodiment of the tip additionally discharges UV radiation, whichwhen absorbed by water molecules in the irrigating fluid produces ozone,H₂O₂ and OH radicals, which destroy microbes and also some organiccompounds. The spark discharge of an embodiment of the inventionadditionally disseminates hydrated electrons, nanoparticles, andpositive ions (from metal electrodes utilized in various embodiments)which continue anti-microbial and anti-bacterial action against foreignagents after the irrigation procedure has terminated.

One advantage of embodiments of the present invention is that they areeffective against pollutants yet are able to utilize relatively lowpower settings over relatively short periods of time and achieve highlevels of efficiency. For example, an embodiment of the presentinvention eradicates foreign agents from a selected medium in 1-5minutes at between 20 Hz, the energy in 3-20 joules. These settings areexemplary as dependent upon the use of the apparatus and the embodimentof the apparatus, the power settings and the duration of a treatmentwill vary.

FIG. 1 depicts an embodiment of the present apparatus 100. For clarity,the elements of this embodiment are depicted as black boxes. One ofskill in the art will recognize the components from their descriptions.Also, later figures, such as FIG. 2, provide more detail regarding thevisual appearance of the individual components.

In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the power source, the batteries 101, arecontained in a hand piece housing (not pictured). The center electrode115, the ground return electrode 116, and the lower electrodes assembly117 are located in or on the tip, which makes contact with liquid intowhich a portion of the tip is submerged to create the acoustic wavestherein. The remainder of the labeled elements in FIG. 1 is internal toa body portion of the apparatus. As explained later in reference toFIGS. 6-6A, the tip contains both positive and negative electrodes,however, the positions of these electrodes is interchangeable acrossembodiments of the present apparatus.

Referring to FIG. 1, a housing (not pictured) encompasses the electroniccircuits and other fragile and electro-charged items. In someembodiments of the present invention, the housing is made of a materialthat does not conduct electricity as the apparatus is held in the bareor minimally protected hand of the operator. Materials used to form thehousing include, but are not limited to, plastic, wood, fiberglass,metal, and/or a composite material. The utilization of a plastic housingin an embodiment of the present invention represents a savings inmanufacturing costs. In further embodiments of the present invention,the housing is conductive and serves as a ground return. The housingincludes an opening for easy replacement of the batteries 101 in abattery compartment (not pictured) inside the housing 101. The housingis also molded in a manner that allows for easy cleaning and easyreplacement of the battery or batteries 101 and is ergonomicallydesigned to be held and manipulated by an operator.

One of skill in the art will recognize that a battery or batteries 101is only one of many power source options for this device. For example,further embodiments of the present invention utilize solar cells aspower sources. In FIG. 1, the battery or batteries 101 serve as a lowvoltage power source that is later converted to a higher voltage bylater components of this embodiment. Batteries 101 utilized inembodiments of the apparatus include but are not limited to lithiumbatteries, such as ion lithium batteries. In some embodiments of thepresent invention, lithium batteries are utilized because they have ahigh current and rapid charging times. Additionally, lithium ionbatteries have high energy storage density for their size, which isadvantageous in embodiments of the present invention because the smallerthe apparatus, the easier it is for an operator to use. Additionally,lithium Ion batteries have a high energy density for their sizes, haveno memory problems, can be charged quickly, and have an efficientdischarge of current. One of skill in the art will recognize thatlithium and lithium ion batteries although compatible with someembodiments of the present invention are only one example of a powersource utilized by embodiments of the present apparatus.

A non-battery low voltage power source is used in conjunction with afurther embodiment. For example, another embodiment of the presentinvention in a table top model that utilizes an electrical wire toconnect the hand piece to the power source, and box. This embodimentutilizes a standard power cord to provide the power, including but notlimited to, a 110V to 220 ac 50/60 Hz.

The battery compartment and the housing allow for the easy replacementof the battery or batteries 101. Thus, maintenance of the power sourceis simplified. The battery and/or batteries 101 housed in the batterycompartment to power the apparatus include, but are not limited to, 0.8vdc-30 vdc batteries.

Coupled to the housing with the internal battery compartment is a DC lowvoltage regulator 102 that regulates the function of at the electroniccomponents and integrated circuits in the embodiment of the apparatus.Coupled to the low voltage regulator 102 is a DC voltage switchingintegrated circuit (IC) driver 103 that drives powermetal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) 110 and highvoltage switching transformer 104 to convert the 0.8 vdc-30 vdc batteryinput to a bus voltage of 300 vdc. High voltage switching transformer104 includes, but is not limited to, a high frequency ferrite coretransformer.

In this embodiment, a ferrite core transformer is utilized because ithas a high frequency, is small, is very efficient, and it can handle ahigh current. The small size is ergonomically advantageous in hand-heldembodiments of the device. The high current tolerance allows a ferritecore transformer to rapidly charge a high voltage discharge storagecapacitor filter 107, such as a photo flash storage capacitor. Theacoustic pulses generated in the apparatus are fast and repetitive, sothe rapid charging is desirable in its operation. Further embodiments ofthe present invention utilize various transformers with one or more ofthe advantages enumerated regarding the ferrite core transformer.Further embodiments of the present invention utilize various capacitorswith similar electrical properties.

In this embodiment, the converted 300 vdc voltage drives the acousticalshock wave in the liquid solution that creates the desired acousticeffect used for irrigation, which includes irrigation in endodonticprocedures. Further embodiments of the present invention convert lowervoltage from a power source, such as a battery, to higher voltage powerranging, for example, from 250 vdc to 500 vdc. The measure of thevoltage differs in accordance with the application of the associatedembodiment.

A bridge rectifier 105 is coupled to the high voltage switchingtransformer 104 and converts the AC output of high voltage switchingtransformer 104. Then, a high voltage filter inductor 106 filters outthe AC ripple current for proper operation of the high voltage dischargestorage capacitor filter.

In an embodiment of the present invention, a photo flash storagecapacitor is used as the high voltage discharge storage capacitor filter107 because a photo flash storage capacitor has low impedance and iscapable of withstanding multiple and repetitive discharges withoutoverheating or breaking down, i.e., incurring damage to its electricalproperties. Further embodiments utilize varied high voltage energystorage capacitors and/or capacitor banks with low impedance. One ofskill in the art will recognize additional capacitors beyond photo flashstorage capacitors that possess these enumerated properties. Embodimentsof the present invention may utilize one or more capacitors with theseproperties. When multiple capacitors are utilized, they may be of thesame or of different types.

The high voltage discharge storage capacitor filter 107 is coupled to ahigh discharge load inductor 108 so that the high discharge loadinductor 108 saturates under high discharge current from a low impedanceto a high impedance, thus isolating the switching power portion of thecircuit.

After this isolation is achieved, a high voltage discharge ignitercapacitor 9 discharges all the energy into a high voltage dischargeigniter transformer 114, causing a very a high voltage pulse, which isutilized to agitate liquid and create the acoustical waves utilized forirrigation and disinfecting. In this embodiment, a MOSFET 110 dischargesvoltage discharge igniter capacitor 109 into the high voltage dischargeigniter transformer 114. Further embodiments of the present apparatusutilize additional transistors, including but not limited to, asilicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) transistor.

The activity of the MOSFET 110 is controlled by a micro controllerdevice 118. In addition to the activity of the MOSFET 110, the microcontroller 118 controls functions within this embodiment of theapparatus, including but not limited to, the period time and the cycletime (Hz) and the current of the power portion of the circuit. The pulsetime is a function of the stored energy, which in this embodiment isdenoted in micro seconds. By utilizing the micro controller device 118to set the current, battery power can be conserved within thisembodiment.

Once the energy is discharged by the high voltage discharge ignitercapacitor 9, the high voltage discharge igniter transformer 114 createsa high voltage pulse. The high voltage pulse breaks down the air sparkgap and liquid solution so that the high voltage discharge ignitercapacitor 9 can discharge all its energy. The high voltage dischargeigniter transformer 14 is isolated using a high voltage blockingcapacitor 113. As aforementioned, the high voltage discharge ignitertransformer 114 is a low impedance device and would be damaged by thehigh current that is discharged and stored in the high voltage dischargestorage filter 7.

In this embodiment, a spark gap 112 serves as a high voltage switch. Thespark gap 112 isolates the high voltage power supply and the energystored in the high voltage discharge storage filter 107. Because theliquid solution into which the tip of the apparatus is immersed issomewhat conductive, without the spark gap 112, the charge conducted inthe liquid would load the power portion of the circuit. The spark gap112 allows the high voltage power portion to completely charge to obtaina high current discharge. The high voltage pulses created by the highvoltage discharge igniter transformer 114 break down the air spark gapand liquid solution, allowing the high voltage discharge ignitercapacitor 109 to discharge all it energy, making this spark gap 112 intoa high voltage switch.

The tip of the apparatus, which is optionally replaceable, is discussedin greater detail in reference to FIG. 6A. However, components of thistip are depicted in FIG. 1.

Referring to FIG. 1, the tip includes center electrode 115, which in anembodiment of the present invention is a high voltage discharge positiveelectrode, a ground return electrode 116, which in an embodiment of thepresent invention is a high voltage discharge negative electrode, and alower electrode assembly 117, which comprises the firing chamber (notpictured). The center electrode 115, so-called due to its location insome embodiments of the tip, is embedded in the tip and the groundreturn electrode 116 is located on the outside of the tip. At the lowerportion of the tip, holes in both a conductive housing (not pictured)that surrounds electrodes in the tip and in the insulation (notpictured) within the tip, allow liquid solutions to enter into thefiring chamber (not pictured). The chamber includes the lower electrodeassembly 117. This is where the discharge takes place. The lowerelectrode assembly 117 in the tip is placed in liquid in order toagitate the liquid and create the acoustic waves utilized in theirrigation of targeted areas.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the center electrode 115 isa negative electrode and the ground return electrode 116 is a positiveelectrode. The charges of the electrodes vary provided that there is acenter electrode and a return electrode with different charges to createpulses. The apparatus creates the electrical discharge utilizing acenter electrode 115, and a ground return electrode 116, which will bediscussed in more detail in reference to FIG. 6.

Coupled to the aforementioned micro controller device 118 is a liquidcrystal display (LCD) 119 to aid the user in accurately utilizing theapparatus. As this embodiment is programmable, the LCD 119 displays theselected settings to the user.

Further embodiments of the present invention utilize varying displaysand some do not utilize a display, as the display, althoughuser-friendly, can affect the cost of the apparatus. A start/stop switch120 coupled to the micro controller 118 initiates and deactivates theapparatus. A second switch, a period cycle pulse time select switch 121,allows the user to select the period time and cycle time. In anotherembodiment of the present invention, the LCD display 119, or analternative display, is integrated with a touchscreen with start/stopand/or selection controls which include the same functionality as thestart/stop switch 120 and the period cycle pulse time select switch 121.Also coupled to the micro controller device 118 is a programmablecurrent control trimpot 122, which is used to interface with the microcontroller device 118 and the DC voltage switching IC driver 104.

FIG. 2 is another embodiment of the apparatus 200. FIG. 2 is designed toreflect the shape and ergonomic design of the apparatus. This embodimentis hand-held and therefore, the hand piece housing 201 is easily grippedand the embodiment of the apparatus easily manipulated by a user. On theend of the apparatus 200 is a replaceable tip 210, an embodiment ofwhich is discussed further in reference to FIG. 6.

Like the embodiment of FIG. 1, the hand piece housing 201 of FIG. 2 ismolded of a non-conductive material, such as plastic, and the hand piecehousing 201 is also molded as such that allows for easy cleaning andeasy replacement of the batteries 202 within. In another embodiment ofthe present invention, the housing is conductive and serves as a groundreturn. Embodiments that utilize plastic, non-conductive housings mayreduce manufacturing costs.

The two compartments for the batteries 202 in this embodiment are shownas a non-limiting example. Depending upon the batteries selected, thenumber used to achieve the acoustical pulse generated by the apparatusvaries. Batteries 202 utilized in this embodiment include but are notlimited to 0.8 vdc-30 vdc batteries. The low voltage of the batteries202 is later magnified by additional components in the embodiment, as inthe embodiment of FIG. 1, to drive the acoustical shock wave in theliquid solution that creates the acoustic effect used, for example, inendodontic irrigation.

The batteries 202 charge a low voltage DC power supply 205 with a powerground 204. A timing circuit 6 takes input from the low voltage DC powersupply 205 while also taking input from a start/stop switch 208. Theoperation of the start/stop switch 208 by a user controls whether theapparatus is operational. This timing circuit 206 powers a high voltageigniter switch circuit 209. In this embodiment of the apparatus 200, thestart/stop switch 208 controls the operation of the embodiment.

In this embodiment 200, the high voltage igniter switch circuit 209 iscoupled to spark gap switch 208. Also coupled to the spark gap switch 8is a high voltage DC power supply 207. The low voltage DC power supply205, inputs to the timing circuit 6, which inputs to a high voltage DCpower supply 207.

FIG. 3 is a general workflow 300 of an aspect of the present invention.Throughout FIG. 3, references are made to the elements of FIG. 2 forclarity. However, FIG. 2 is only one embodiment of the apparatus. Theworkflow 300 is applicable across further embodiments of the apparatus.

Referring to FIG. 3, the battery or batteries 202 deliver the voltageand current to operate the circuit (S310). The low voltage dc powersupply 205, which in FIG. 2 is small enough to fit in a hand helddevice, and the timing circuit 420, convert the low voltage to a highcurrent/voltage (S320). The high voltage igniter switch circuit 209produces a very sharp high voltage spike that is low in current (S330).The high voltage spike breaks down the air gap switch 208 (S340). Whenthe spark bridges the air gap, the gap becomes conductive and it allowsall the stored energy to discharge completely (S350). In variousembodiments of the present apparatus, this energy is stored incapacitors, like the high voltage capacitor 109 in FIG. 1. Returning toFIGS. 2 and 3, when the stored energy discharges, the tip of theapparatus 210 tip is in the liquid solution and the energy travellingthrough the tip 210 creates an acoustical shock wave in the liquid(S360). Once a wave is created, the process repeats as the batteries 202continue to deliver voltage to the circuit (S310).

In an embodiment of the present invention, the spark discharge achievedin FIG. 3 delivers more than just an acoustical wave to combat foreignagents, such as bacteria. The spark discharge at (S350) delivers theaforementioned acoustical shock waves, UV radiation, hydrated electrons,OH radicals, H₂O₂, nanoparticles, and positive ions (of embodiments ofthe present invention that utilize metal electrodes in the tip,discussed later in FIG. 6).

The positive electrical discharges created by the electrodes in the tipof an embodiment of the present apparatus create shock waves that arehigh pressure and therefore, damage the bacterial membranes due to thedifference in pressure. The destroying effect on bacteria due to thispressure difference is realized more intensely with faster dischargesand/or for acoustic waves on destroyed cells.

In an embodiment of the present invention, shock wave forces theirrigant through the small lateral canals at a pressure that achievesabsolute irrigation of main canals coupled with irrigation of small andtiny lateral canals, including those that are oddly shaped. By utilizingan embodiment of the present invention, If a lateral comes off of atooth, the tip can be positioned such that the discharge that is next tothe tooth and will drive the irrigant directly into the lateral. In anembodiment of the present invention, the electrode in the tip, discussedfurther in FIG. 6, is small so that it can go down the canal and/or beplaced in close proximity.

Depending upon the positioning of the tip, the method can result in thedischarge of the tip partially into the air. This discharge additionallyassists in the destruction of foreign agents as it serves to energizeelectrons, which initiate plasma chemical reactions that produce freeradicals and ions which ultimately destroy foreign agents.

In addition to OH and H₂O₂, other products of this electrical dischargeinclude, but are not limited to, H*, O*, and O₃ (ozone), which togetherwith OH and H₂O₂ act as oxidizing agents. The electric fields of thesedischarges are lethal to several kinds of microorganisms. Additionally,H₂O₂ and O₃ dissociate into free radicals and these free radicalsoxidize organic components. OH* also oxidizes organic components. Theseparticles oxidize organic components both above and below the surface ofthe irrigant.

The UV radiation also oxidizes organic compounds in the irrigant. Thus,combining the shock wave with these oxidizing agents serves to sterilizethe irrigant.

After the OH radicals, the H₂O₂, and the hydrated electrons havedissipated, i.e., after no more than several days, the nanoparticles andpositive ions of metal, which are produced by the erosion of theelectrodes, continue to provide anti-bacterial benefits. One manner inwhich the nanoparticles destroy bacteria is by penetrating the bacteriaand emitting toxic ions. When nanoparticles are in close proximity tobacteria, directed streams of toxic ions appears, which produce abactericidal effect. Thus, this cooperative residual bactericidal effectis accomplished at least in part by the actions of nanoparticles andpositive ions emitting by them. The residual effects of thenanoparticles and positive ions of metal are realized for a durationincluding but not limited to several months.

Embodiments of the present invention can be used both in concert withand without the NaOCl and EDTA protocol to remove all of the nerve andinfected materials, clean the smear layer, and kill bacteria orpathogens. When used in conjunction with the NaOCl and EDTA protocol,this apparatus and method would kill remaining bacteria and pathogensthat remain after the protocol and provide residual effects that theprotocol does not provide. When used without the protocol, the apparatusand method could provide the listed functionality without introducing atoxic substance into the body. Irrigants that can be used include, butare not limited to saline solution, glutaraldehyde, and/or anyantibiotic and/or anti-microbial solution.

FIG. 4 depicts an embodiment of the circuitry utilized in an embodimentof the present apparatus. This apparatus practices the workflow 300 ofFIG. 3. The electrical elements of FIG. 4 are enclosed in anon-conductive housing (not pictured). The circuit details provided inFIG. 4 are an example of a possible configuration of circuit componentsutilized to practice the method disclosed. One of skill in the art willrecognize that certain components can be substituted and still create anirrigating acoustic wave. For example, FIG. 4 features seventeencapacitors C1-C17, which is only one example of how capacitors can beconfigured in the circuitry of the present apparatus.

The functions of the apparatus in FIG. 4 are programmable by utilizing amicro chip controller U1. The micro chip controller U1 controls alltiming functions, including but not limited to period time and cycletime (Hz). The pulse time is a function of the stored energy, which ismeasured in micro seconds.

The embodiment of FIG. 4 is powered by a lithium battery V1. The lithiumbattery V1 is a low voltage battery with a voltage range of 0.8 vdc-30vdc. Further embodiments of the present apparatus employ additionalpower sources with voltages within this range. As discussed in referenceto FIG. 1-2, in this embodiment, this low voltage power source is laterconverted to a high voltage in order to create the acoustical waves thatagitate liquid through the tip (not pictured) of the apparatus andirrigate dental structures in the mouth of a patient. A safety fuse F1is additionally incorporated in this embodiment. A filter capacitor C4is used to eliminate any electrical noise that may be generated by theswitching power supply or other IC's in the embodiment. The switchingpower supply U2 converts the low battery voltage to a high bus voltage,which includes but is not limited to a range of 250 vdc to 500 vdc.

As seen in FIG. 4, this switching power supply U2 utilizes supportingpassive and active components to set up all the levels and references.Included in these components are the 5 volts references, resistors R13,R21, which are tied to the switching power supply U2. Meanwhile,resistors R15 and R16 form a voltage divider feedback loop and are tiedto the high voltage bus output. Additional resistors R19 and R20 limitthe current to the gates of the MOSFETs Q1, Q3 and the IC maximumcurrent drive output. The MOSFETs switch the high frequency transformertogether with switching power supply U2 and drive them to switch on andoff at a predefined frequency. Resistor R18 works as a current sensingresistor and implements electrical resistance in the circuit. Meanwhile,resistor R22 and capacitor C8 act as a buffer filter to eliminate spikescaused by switching the inductive load.

FIG. 4 utilizes a high frequency ferrite transformer T1, including butnot limited to a ferrite core transformer. The high frequencytransformer T1 includes MOSFET pins 1 and 3, so-called because they aretied to the MOSFETs Q1, Q3. MOSFET pin 2 is tied to the power supply, inthis embodiment, a 0.8 vdc-30 vdc battery supply. The AC output pins 4,5, of the high frequency transformer T1 feed diodes D1,D4,D7 and D8,which are set up as a full wave bridge rectifier, converting therectified AC to DC. Resistor R23 and capacitor C13 acts as an RC snubberas does resistor R24 and capacitor C1; RC snubbers work like filters andkeep spikes and radio frequency interference (RFI) noise to a minimum.

In the present embodiment, Inductor L1, together with capacitors C1,C16, C14, and C11 filter and store the energy that will be discharged ata high current rate. Specifically, Inductor L1 saturates when capacitorsC1, C16, C14 and C11 are discharged.

The high voltage igniter portion of the circuit is comprised of inductorL5, MOSFET Q4, capacitor C6, and transformer T2. Capacitor C9 acts as ablocking capacitor and prevents the high discharge capacitor storedcurrent from damaging transformer T2. As in the embodiment in FIGS. 1and 2, an air gap SP_Gap1-SP_GAP2 is used as a switch, which loads asthe capacitors C1, C16, C14, C11 are charged. The bus voltage issufficient to cause break down of the liquid solution which is somewhatconductive. Therefore, the capacitor C9 protects the transformer T2 frombeing loaded down.

FIG. 5 depicts the circuitry utilized in an embodiment of the presentapparatus. The circuitry is similar to FIG. 4, but the apparatusutilizes a different control for user input. Both the embodiment of FIG.4 and the embodiment of FIG. 5 are programmable by utilizing a microchip controller U1. In FIG. 5, the user adjusts settings by utilizinguser BCD switches BCD1-BCD6 to set the period time and cycle time. Thesesettings are obtained by micro chip controller U1. Light-emitting diode(LED) displays DIS1-DIS6 display the countdown timer, displaysDIS5-DIS6, the cycle time, displays DIS3-DIS4, and the pulse time,displays DIS1-DIS2, to a user.

FIG. 4 utilizes an LCD display LCD1 to display the countdown timer,cycle time, and pulse time to a user.

FIG. 5A also depicts circuitry utilized by an aspect of an embodiment ofthe apparatus. In the embodiment of the apparatus that utilizes thecircuitry of FIG. 5A, power is delivered to the tip (not pictured)differently. This embodiment does not utilize a spark gap to create anacoustic wave.

Referring to FIG. 5A, voltage/current travels to inductor L5 and to oneor more capacitors C7, C11, C14, C16, including but not limited to, oneor more photo discharge capacitors. The four capacitors utilized in FIG.5A are depicted as an example as additional embodiments utilizedifferent numbers of capacitors as needed depending upon the use, amongother factors. Once charged, capacitors C7, C11, C14, C16 discharge atthe primary of transformer T2.

In this embodiment, transformer T2 delivers a high voltage spike andcurrent to cause an acoustical shock wave. Transformer T2 is robust asit delivers both a high voltage spike and enough current to cause theacoustical shock wave. Transformer T2 is rendered robust by a thick wireand its configuration. Not only is the wire thick, the secondary oftransformer T2 is isolated from the circuit and connected directly toelectrodes in the tip (not pictured).

Before the voltage/current flows through inductor L5 and chargescapacitors C7, C16, C11 and C14, MOSFET Q4 gets an instruction microchip controller U1. The micro chip controller U1 applies voltage,including but not limited to, 5 volts, to the gate of the MOSFET Q4, sothat it conducts the voltage/current. The MOSFET Q4 then turns and itdischarges all the stored energy from capacitors C7, C16, C11 and C14into transformer T2, which causes inductor L5 to momentary saturate.Transformer T2, now at a high impedance state, delivers a high voltagespike and current to cause an acoustical shock wave.

An embodiment of the tip 600 of an embodiment of the apparatus is shownin FIG. 6. The tip 600 appears as an integrated unit, but is separatedinto components to understand its functionality. During use, the end ofthe tip 600 is inserted in the mouth of a patient and in someapplications, such as cleaning fissures, it may be embedded in aspecific tooth that is being irrigated. The tip 600 connects to the bodyof the apparatus with a connector 602 that is integrated into the tipdesign. In the embodiment of FIG. 6, the connector 602 is a screw-typeconnector with threading. The receptors of the threading are located onthe body of the apparatus (not pictured).

Like the hand held portion discussed in earlier figures, the tip 600 iscomprised of a housing 601. This housing 601 on the tip 600 is comprisedof a conductive material, including but not limited to, metal, such asstainless steel. This housing 601 is conductive because it doubles as aground return electrode. The housing 601 is shaped with a bend that isutilized to manipulate the tip into the mouth of a patient and into thedental structure, such as the tooth, that the user of the apparatusdesires to irrigate.

Although a continuous housing 601, the upper portion of the housing 609,and the lower portion of the housing 610 have differing characteristics.To protect the internal elements, in an embodiment of the presentinvention, the upper portion of the housing 9 is thick and rigid. Thelower portion of the housing 610 is comprised of a material that is bothconductive and flexible, such as a flexible stainless steel tube. Thelower portion of the housing 610 is comprised of a first portion 611 anda second portion 612. The first portion 611 is solid while the secondlower portion 612 is porous. The porous second lower portion 612 allowsan electrical discharge to occur in the lower part of the tip 600 andpermeate the tip into the liquid.

Internal to the housing 601, is a center electrode conductor 603, whichconducts the charge through the tip 600. This center electrode conductor603 is insulated using a layer of insulation 606 throughout the lengthof the tip 600 and the center electrode conductor 603. A porous portionof insulation 608 surrounds the lower center firing electrode 604.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the lower center firingelectrode 604 is the center electrode 115 referenced in FIG. 1. In anembodiment of the invention, the lower perforated return electrode 605is the ground return electrode 116 referenced in FIG. 1, and theinsulation 606 and the perforated return electrode 605 comprise the alower electrode assembly 117 and firing chamber referenced in FIG. 1.

In embodiments of the present invention, the center firing electrode 604is either a positive or a negative electrode, and the lower perforatedreturn electrode 605 is either a positive or a negative electrode. Ineach embodiment, the center firing electrode 4 has a charge that opposesthat of the lower perforated return electrode 605. One of skill in theart will recognize that a center electrode and a ground electrode,regardless of charge, may be adapted to create the desirable electricalevents within the tip of embodiments of the present invention.

Returning to FIG. 6, the lower center firing electrode 604 is embeddedin the tip 600, while the lower perforated return electrode 605 islocated in the outside of the tip 600. The porous second lower portion612 of the tip 600, the porous portion of insulation 608 surrounding thelower center firing electrode 604, and the perforated return electrode605 allow liquid solution to make contact with the lower center firingelectrode 604. The conductive liquid bridges the connection between thelower perforated return electrode 605 and the lower center firingelectrode 604 so that the tip can deliver acoustic waves into the areatargeted by the tip. The lower center firing electrode 604 transfers theenergy into the liquid solution that causes the acoustical shock wave,while the holes in the lower perforated outside return electrode 605allow the acoustical shock wave to penetrate into the liquid solution.Flexible outside and inside lower electrodes 607 assist in positioningthe tip 600 to deliver the acoustic waves to a targeted area.Specifically, the flexible outside and inside lower electrodes 607 allowthe tip 600 to be worked into the tooth or the root canal for performingthe irrigation of the root canal and laterals.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the electrodes utilizedinclude silver. Water treated with silver electrodes has the highestbactericidal activity because ions of silver have the highest toxicityto bacteria; it is an anti-pathogen. Thus, the nanoparticles created bythe silver electrodes also combat the bacteria and foreign particles inthe canals. Further embodiments of the present invention utilizeelectrodes comprised from additional materials that are biologicallyinert ones. Materials used to comprise the electrodes include but arenot limited to silver, copper, stainless steel, and/or iron.

As aforementioned, the tip of an embodiment of the apparatus may beremovable and may be switched out with different tips that are moresuited for different applications. In embodiments where the tips are notremovable, the tip design may vary to maximize efficacy across varyinguses. FIG. 6A shows an embodiment of a tip that is designed to fire atthe surface. The tip 601 has a larger opening at the bottom 613 to fireonto a greater surface.

An in the embodiment of FIG. 6 the tip 601 in FIG. 6A In the embodimentof FIG. 6A, utilizes a connector 602, including but not limited to ascrew-type connector with threading. Further embodiments of this tip 601and the tip 600 of FIG. 6 may utilize additional fasteners. Returning toFIG. 6A, when threading serves as the connector 602, the receptors ofthe threading are located on the body of the apparatus (not pictured).

Tip 601 is comprised of a housing 601, which is comprised of aconductive material, including but not limited to, metal, such asstainless steel which doubles as a ground return electrode and is shapedwith a bend that is utilized to manipulate the tip into the mouth of apatient. The upper portion of the housing 609 is thick and rigid. Thelower portion of the housing 610 is comprised of a material that is bothconductive and flexible, such as a flexible stainless steel tube. Thelower portion of the housing 610 is comprised of a first portion 611 anda second portion 612. The first portion 611 is solid while the secondlower portion 612 is porous. The porous second lower portion 612 allowsan electrical discharge to occur in the lower part of the tip 601 andpermeate the tip into the liquid.

The tip 601 features at least two electrodes, a center electrode and aground electrode. The electrodes may be comprised of a metal and/orother conductive materials with anti-bacterial properties, including butnot limited to, silver.

Internal to the housing 601, is a center electrode conductor 603, whichconducts the charge through the tip 601 and is insulated using a layerof insulation 606 throughout the length of the tip 601 and the centerelectrode conductor 603. A porous portion of insulation 608 surroundsthe lower center firing electrode 604. The lower center firing electrode604 is embedded in the tip 601, while the lower perforated returnelectrode 605 is located in the outside of the tip 601. The poroussecond lower portion 612 of the tip 601, the porous portion ofinsulation 608 surrounding the lower center firing electrode 604, andthe perforated return electrode 605 allow liquid solution to makecontact with the lower center firing electrode 604. The conductiveliquid bridges the connection between the lower perforated returnelectrode 605 and the lower center firing electrode 604 so that the tipcan deliver acoustic waves into the area targeted by the tip. The lowercenter firing electrode 604 transfers the energy into the liquidsolution that causes the acoustical shock wave, while the holes in thelower perforated outside return electrode 605 allow the acoustical shockwave to penetrate into the liquid solution. Flexible outside and insidelower electrodes 607 assist in positioning the tip 601 to deliver theacoustic waves to a targeted area. Specifically, the flexible outsideand inside lower electrodes 607 allow the tip 601 to be worked into thetooth or the root canal for performing the irrigation of the root canaland laterals.

The end 614 of the tip 601 is fitted with a screen 613. The screen 613has a slight angle with a bigger opening at the bottom. Tip 601 isutilized in one aspect to fire at the surface. Thus, the greater surfacearea allows greater and more concentrated dispersion of firingdischarges, including but not limited to UV, ozone, shock wave,radicals, and ions pulse at the surface. The screen 613 is part of theground return and prevents an electrical charge from passing the end ofthe tip and having an adverse effect on a patient being treated.

As aforementioned, an embodiment of the present invention can be used tocreate an irrigation system for Piezoelectric/Magnetostrictive scalars,like a water pik-type device with additional bactericidal benefits. Inthis application, water is pretreated before being expelled into themouth of a patient.

FIGS. 7-9 illustrate the use of an embodiment of the present inventionin irrigating canals and dental structures. These figures are merelymeant to illustrate some possible positioning of one or more embodimentsof the present apparatus during irrigation and are not meant to beexhaustive. One of skill in the art will recognize that the flexibilityof the tip presents many possibilities for positioning which would bebeneficial for the oral health of a patient.

Referring to FIG. 7, the tip 700 in an embodiment of the apparatus ispositioned to fire a discharge at the surface, above the surface, orbelow the surface of the irrigant's fluid level 730. As discussedearlier, the spark discharge from the tip 700 has an anti-microbialeffect even when discharges above the fluid level 730. To position thetip 700, the main coronal chamber 720 of the tooth 710 has been openedsurgically. With the main canals and lateral canals. In this figure,both the main canals 740 a-740 b and lateral canals 750 a-750 b arevisible.

Referring to FIG. 8, the firing tip 800 of an embodiment of theapparatus in placed below the fluid line 830, in fact, the tip 800 issubmerged. The tip 800 is being fired in a main canal 840 a, but givenits flexibility, the tip 700 can also be fired in the vicinity of and/orin the lateral canal 850 a.

Referring to FIG. 9, the progression of a tip 900 of an embodiment ofthe present invention through a main canal 940 b wherein it dischargesat three different discharge sites 960 a-930 c, which are adjacent tothree lateral canals 950 b-950 d is shown. The firing tip 900 and probe(not pictured) are moved down the main canal 940 b to three lateralcanals 990 b-950 d. As the tip 900 moves up and down the main canal 940b, firing discharges 960 a-960 c along the laterals 950 b-950 d, the UV,ozone, shock wave, radicals, and ions pulse directly into the lateralopenings for full force and effect. A saline solution is useful in thisembodiment because it conducts these particles to their destinations.However, as aforementioned, irrigants that can be used include, but arenot limited to saline solution, glutaraldehyde, and/or any antibioticand/or anti-microbial solution.

For certain applications of the present invention, pre-treating thewater and/or liquid by collecting it in an internal or externalreservoir is advantageous. Such applications include, but are notlimited to, ultrasonic scalars such as Piezoelectric and/orMagnetostrictive scalars, sonic scalers, and water piks. Meanwhile, forsome applications, locating electrodes in the tip is sufficient to treatthe water and/or liquid. In embodiments of the present inventionutilized as Water Piks, Piezo/Magneto ultrasonic devices, and/orirrigation, including irrigation of periodontic wound sites, thelocations of the electrodes utilized to pulse the water and/or liquidinclude, but are not limited to a reservoir internal or external to thehandle of the embodiment of the device, and/or in the tip of theembodiment of the device.

Such applications include, but are not limited to, ultrasonic scalarssuch as Piezoelectric and/or Magnetostrictive scalars, sonic scalers,and water piks. FIGS. 10-16 are embodiments of the present inventionthat utilize electrodes in an external reservoir, in an internalreservoir, and/or in the tip of an embodiment of the device to treat thewater and/or liquid to be utilized in the intended procedure.

FIG. 10 is an example of a standalone unit embodiment of the presentinvention that can be utilized as a Piezoelectric and/orMagnetostrictive scalars. Water is moved through the device and whileinside, the water is treated through the dispersion of firingdischarges, including but not limited to, UV, ozone, shock wave,radicals, and ions pulse. Thus, the water that exits the device carrieswith it bactericidal benefits. In the embodiment of FIG. 10, waterand/or another liquid to be treated with spark discharges is movedthrough the device from the inlet 2, and out through the outlet 7, afterbeing treated with electrical pulses.

In the embodiment of FIG. 10, water is channeled through the inlet 1002,where it progresses into a first firing chamber 1003, which is notstoring liquid at this time. Firing points 1004 are positionedthroughout this first firing chamber 1003 as well as the second firingchamber 1006. The multiple firing points 1004 save energy consumptionbecause the area within the embodiment can be large. Thus, utilizingmultiple firing points 1004 can translate to a cost savings because lessenergy is required to create the pulse.

The water and/or liquid progresses from the first treatment chamber1003, into a second firing chamber 1006, which contains a reservoirwhere the water and/or liquid is stored. The second firing chamber 1006also contains a group of firing points 1008, distributed within thereservoir. The water and/or liquid is treated by pulsed discharges inthis second firing chamber 1006 before it moves through the outlet 1007,which can be understood as a “feed tube” to an used in the irrigation.The firing points 1008 provide the water and/or liquid with exposure tothe pulse discharges in an attempt to achieve an 100% pathogen killbefore the water and/or liquid leaves the second firing chamber 1006 andinto the outlet 1007 to the end of the irrigation device.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the reservoir in the secondfiring chamber 1006 can be removed from the device and sterilizedseparately for further bactericidal benefit.

Given that this tip and/or electrode is utilized to treat a reservoir ofwater and/or liquid, it is also useful for water purification fornon-dental health purposes. For example, it can be used to injectbactericidal properties into drinking water as a type of high efficiencyfilter.

In embodiments of the present invention utilized as Water Piks,Piezo/Magneto ultrasonic devices, and/or irrigation, includingirrigation of periodontic wound sites, the locations of the electrodesutilized to pulse the water and/or liquid include, but are not limitedto, the first firing chamber 1003, the second firing chamber 1006,and/or a reservoir in the handle of the embodiment of the device. Whenutilized for ultrasonic uses, an embodiment of the present inventionutilizes a reservoir in the handle, rather than in the tip. Thedescription of FIG. 10 can be applied to understand the functionality ofthe aspects of the embodiments described in FIGS. 11-16.

Referring to FIG. 11, an embodiment of the present device 1100 that canbe utilized as a water pik, and/or a Piezo/Magneto ultrasonic device.Batteries 1110 serve as the power source in this device 1100. Thisembodiment of the device 1100 utilizes a single reservoir 1120 forholding and liquid and/or water that will be treated before moves fromthe tip to the patient's mouth. One set of electrodes 1130 in the tip1140 of the device 1100 provide the electrical discharge to treat thewater and/or liquid before it leaves the tip. The device 1100 isadditionally powered by one or more PC boards (not pictured). The waterpump 1150 is driven by one or more microcontrollers (not pictured).

In a subset of embodiments of the present invention, such as device1100, a ceramic conductive substrate can be utilized for the electrodes.This type of electrodes is particularly effective when the water and/orliquid cannot be treated over a period of time in the apparatus, forexample, within a reservoir before being released into an area that isbeing treated. The ceramic conductive electrodes can create a pulse thatcreates the desired anti-pathogenic effects over a short period of timeand when a large volume of water is flowing through an area where thespark discharge is created in a short period of time. In the device1100, the water and/or liquid is pumped through the tip 1140 and onlytreated by electrodes in that tip 1140. Thus, there is a short windowfor the spark discharge.

In another example, in a scalar application, water and/or liquid ispumped through the tip rapidly and under pressure. In an embodiment ofthe scalar application, a reservoir of water and/or liquid is pumped todifferent rooms in a dental office. The high volume and pressure flowdoes not allow for much time to release the spark discharge into theliquid and/or water before it is directed into a treatment area. Byusing one or more ceramic conductive substrates, the desire pathogenkill rate is achieved within the shortened period of time for a largevolume of water and/or liquid with a high pressure.

Unlike in the device 1100 of FIG. 11, in FIG. 12, the water and/orliquid to be applied is treated in a reservoir, which allows for alonger treatment time. Similar to FIG. 11, FIG. 12 is an embodiment ofthe present device 1200 that can be utilized as a water pik, and/or aPiezo/Magneto ultrasonic device, operates on batteries 1210, has asingle water reservoir 1220, PC boards (not pictured), a water pump1250, and is driven by at least one microcontroller (not pictured).However, in this device 1200, the electrodes that provide the sparkdischarge to treat the water and/or liquid, actually reside in thereservoir 1220. Thus, the amount of time that the electrodes can treatthe water and/or liquid is increased.

FIG. 13 is another embodiment of a device 1300 that can be utilized as awater pik, and/or a Piezo/Magneto ultrasonic device in accordance withat least one aspect of the present invention. In this embodiment,electrodes discharging the spark pulse to treat water and/or liquid areplaced in both the tip 1340 and the reservoir 1320. A first set ofelectrodes 1330 b treats the water and/or liquid while it is in thereservoir 1320, which a second set of electrodes 1330 a treats the waterand/or liquid as it exists the device 1300.

FIGS. 14-16 are embodiments of the present invention that can beutilized as water piks, and/or a Piezo/Magneto ultrasonic devices.However, the devices in FIGS. 14-16 utilize an AC line as a power sourceand have no batteries. The functionality of these embodiments isdiscussed in reference to FIGS. 4-5 and FIG. 10. FIG. 14 is anembodiment of the present invention 1400 with one reservoir 1420 in theunit housing 1460 and a set of electrodes in that reservoir 1430. Theembodiment 1500 in FIG. 15 has two reservoirs, a first reservoir 1530 ain the housing 1560, and a second reservoir 1530 b in the hand piece1570. Thus, the water and/or liquid is treated in the unit housing 1560and again in the hand piece 1570. The embodiment 1600 in FIG. 16 treatsthe water and/or liquid twice as well, but rather than utilize a secondreservoir in the hand piece 1670, in this embodiment, there is a secondset of electrodes 1630 b in the tip 1640. This embodiment of the device1600 also utilizes a first reservoir 1620 with a first set of electrodes1630 a in the unit housing 1660.

FIGS. 11-16 are offered as examples of placements of electrodes with andwithout reservoirs in embodiments of the present invention and are notmeant to be exhaustive. One of skill in the art will recognize that theplacement of electrodes and/or reservoirs can vary in accordance withthe principles of the present invention.

FIG. 17 demonstrates the use of an embodiment of the present applicationin an ultrasonic procedure. Referring to FIG. 17, a piezo/magneto tip1703 is being utilized in accordance with the present method to treatthe biofilm 1702 on a tooth 1701. Water progresses through the tip 1703in the internal water line 1704 (which can be seen in FIGS. 11-16).Through the tip 1703, the treated water sprays 1705 from out of thedevice 1706 (partially pictured). In this embodiment, the water is nottreated in the tip 1703, but rather in the hand piece and/or in areservoir elsewhere in or connected to the device 1706 before in entersthe tip 1703 and is utilized on the tooth 1701 and biofilm 1702.

An embodiment of the present invention is utilized in treating all waterused in a dental office during various dental procedures. During dentalprocedures, water is often sprayed into the mouth while simultaneouslybeing suctioned out. It is not desirable to allow a patient to swallowthis water because the procedures expose pollutants in the mouth, whichcan be harmful to the health of the patient, if ingested. However, it isimpossible to prevent all the water from being ingested and there may bepathogens in the water because the water system in the area where thedental office is located is not of a high quality. When an individual isbeing treated whose health is compromised, for example, an elderlypatient, the pathogens from the water entering the now-exposed dentalstructures and/or being ingested by the patient, can harm the generalhealth of this patient. Thus, an embodiment of the present invention canbe utilized as part of the delivery system for any water dispensed intothe mouth of a patient by a health professional. Embodiments used forthis purpose utilize one to many reservoirs so that any dispensed wateris treated with a spark discharge before dispensed, even when it isimmediately and almost simultaneously suctioned.

An embodiment of the present invention can be used to create a treatedwater vapor that can be used to mist surfaces in a sanitary environment,such as an operating room. Rather than dispense the treatedwater/liquid, as fluid, an embodiment of the present invention dispensesthe water as a mist, which is applied to surfaces. Because thebactericidal properties of the water and/or liquid that is pulsed withthe electric discharge extends beyond the time that it is pulsed, thewater/liquid can be used as a cleaning agent in a medical or othersetting.

Depending upon the use of the apparatus and the type of pollutant that auser desires to eradicate from a given environment, from a dental canalto a reservoir, the pulse energy and frequency applied will play a rolein the kill rate of the embodiment of the apparatus. For example, apulse rate of up to 1 kJ/pulse with a pulse frequency of 0.01 Hzachieved a total destruction of an E. Coli colony in water. However,reducing the pulse rate to 0.03 J/pulse had no effect on these microbes.When working to eradicate a population of Staphylococci, frequencies of30 Hz and energy inputs between 12.6 and 25 J/cm³ have been foundeffective to eradicate an entire colony in water.

Although the present invention has been described in relation toparticular embodiments thereof, specifically embodiments that relate todentistry, many other variations and modifications will become apparentto those skilled in the art. As such, it will be readily evident to oneof skill in the art based on the detailed description of the presentlypreferred embodiment of the apparatus, system and method explainedherein, that different embodiments can be realized. For example, anembodiment of the present invention is utilized to purify water, such aswater located in the wilderness. This embodiment utilizes a battery orbatteries and/or one or more solar cells as a power source. A furtherembodiment of the present invention is used in place of chlorine toeradicate microbes from a swimming pool. This embodiment is integratedinto the swimming pool's existing cleaning system. Because there is novoltage leakage, the water can be enjoyed without fear of electrolysis.This embodiment can also utilize a battery or batteries and/or one ormore solar cells as a power source.

Further contemplated integrations for embodiments of the presentinvention include, but are not limited to, cleaning and sterilizingother dental equipment, integrating an embodiment into a dishwasher forcleaning and disinfecting dishes, integrating an embodiment of thepresent invention into a home system for safe drinking water,integrating an embodiment into a tool to treat athlete's foot,integrating an embodiment into a disinfecting mop, and/or integrating anembodiment into a shower system that kills staff infections, fungusesand other unwanted organic matter.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. Asused herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended toinclude the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicatesotherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprise” (andany form of comprise, such as “comprises” and “comprising”), “have” (andany form of have, such as “has” and “having”), “include” (and any formof include, such as “includes” and “including”), and “contain” (and anyform contain, such as “contains” and “containing”) are open-endedlinking verbs. As a result, a method or device that “comprises”, “has”,“includes” or “contains” one or more steps or elements possesses thoseone or more steps or elements, but is not limited to possessing onlythose one or more steps or elements. Likewise, a step of a method or anelement of a device that “comprises”, “has”, “includes” or “contains”one or more features possesses those one or more features, but is notlimited to possessing only those one or more features. Furthermore, adevice or structure that is configured in a certain way is configured inat least that way, but may also be configured in ways that are notlisted.

1. An electrical discharge irrigation device, comprising: a power sourceto produce power of a first voltage; a circuit coupled to the powersource to convert the power of the first voltage to power of a secondvoltage, wherein the second voltage is higher than the first voltage; atrigger to activate the circuit; an igniter coupled to the circuit toproduce a spike; an electrical charge storage component coupled to theigniter with the electrical charge storage component being conductiveand stores an electrical charge after receiving the spike; and an outputtip comprising a first electrode with a first charge and an outer layercomprised of an insulating material.
 2. The device of claim 1, whereinan acoustical shock wave exits the device into conductive solution whenthe conductive solution enters the output tip through the insulatingmaterial.
 3. The device of claim 1, wherein the first electrodesreceives an electrical charge from the electrical charge storagecomponent and discharges the electrical charge as a spark into theconductive solution.
 4. The device of claim 1, wherein the electricalcharge storage component is at least one of an air gap switch and atransformer.
 5. The device of claim 1, wherein the output tip furthercomprises a second electrode with a second charge and wherein the firstcharge and the second charge are opposites.
 6. The device of claim 5,wherein the second electrode is a perforated electrode.
 7. The device ofclaim 5, wherein the first electrode conducts the electrical charge fromthe air gap switch through the output tip and the second electrode isaffixed to an outer surface of the output tip.
 8. The device of claim 7,wherein the second electrode is a ground electrode.
 9. The device ofclaim 5, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode arecomprised of a biologically inert material.
 10. The device of claim 1,wherein the output tip discharges at least one of UV radiation, hydratedelectrons, OH radicals, H2O2, nanoparticles, positive ions.
 11. Thedevice of claim 1, wherein the device is handheld and wherein the lowvoltage power source comprises a battery.
 12. An electrical dischargeirrigation device, comprising: a power source to produce power of afirst voltage; a circuit coupled to the power source to convert thepower of the first voltage to power of a second voltage, wherein thesecond voltage is higher than the first voltage; a trigger to activatethe circuit; an igniter coupled to the circuit to produce a spike; anelectrical charge storage component coupled to the igniter with theelectrical charge storage component becoming conductive and storing anelectrical charge after receiving the spike; and a reservoir with aninlet and an outlet, wherein a conductive solution enters the devicethrough the inlet and exits the device through the outlet.
 13. Thedevice of claim 12, wherein the reservoir further comprises a firstelectrode, the first electrode receiving the electrical charge from theelectrical charge storage component and discharging the electricalcharge as a spark into the conductive solution in the reservoir.
 14. Thedevice of claim 13, wherein the first electrode is comprised of abiologically inert material.
 15. The device of claim 13, wherein theelectrical charge storage component is at least one of an air gap switchand a transformer.
 16. The device of claim 13, further comprising anoutput tip coupled to the outlet, the output tip comprising a secondelectrode, wherein the second electrode receives the electrical chargefrom the electrical charge storage component and discharges theelectrical charge into the conductive solution, the electrical chargethereby exiting the device through the output tip.
 17. The device ofclaim 12, wherein the device is handheld and wherein the power sourcecomprises a battery.
 18. A method of utilizing an electrical dischargeirrigation device, comprising: obtaining an electrical dischargeirrigation device, comprising: a power source to produce power of afirst voltage; a circuit coupled to the power source to convert thepower of the first voltage to power of a second voltage, wherein thesecond voltage is higher than the first voltage; a trigger to activatethe circuit; an igniter coupled to the circuit to produce a spike; anelectrical charge storage component coupled to the igniter, theelectrical charge storage component becomes conductive and stores anelectrical charge after receiving the spike; and an output tipcomprising a first electrode with a first charge and an outer layercomprised of a perforated insulating material; positioning the outputtip of the device in a conductive solution; and engaging the trigger onthe device to discharge the spark into the conductive solution.
 19. Themethod of claim 18, wherein positioning the output tip further comprisesorienting the output tip below the fluid line of the conductivesolution.
 20. The method of claim 18, wherein positioning the output tipfurther comprises orienting a portion of the output tip above the fluidline.
 21. The method of claim 18, wherein engaging the output tipfurther comprises discharging from the output tip at least one of UVradiation, hydrated electrons, OH radicals, H2O2, nanoparticles, andpositive ions.
 22. The method of claim 18, wherein the conductivesolution comprises at least one of saline solution, water, andglutaraldehyde.
 23. A method of utilizing an electrical dischargeirrigation device, comprising: obtaining an electrical dischargeirrigation device, comprising: a power source to produce power of afirst voltage; a circuit coupled to the power source to convert thepower of the first voltage to power of a second voltage, wherein thesecond voltage is higher than the first voltage; a trigger to activatethe circuit; an igniter coupled to the circuit to produce a spike; anelectrical charge storage component coupled to the igniter, where theelectrical charge storage component becomes conductive and stores anelectrical charge after receiving the spike; and a reservoir with aninlet and an outlet wherein a conductive solution enters the devicethrough the inlet and exits the device through the outlet, wherein thereservoir further comprises a first electrode, the first electrodereceives the electrical charge from the electrical charge storagecomponent and discharges the electrical charge as a spark into theconductive solution; and engaging the trigger on the device to releasethe conductive solution into the mouth.
 24. The method of claim 23wherein engaging the trigger comprises releasing the conductive solutioninto a periodontal pocket.